by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Costs that do not vary with the amount of goods or services produced. Examples include interest payments on accumulated debt, property taxes and rent. Source: Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy, Antitrust and control of concentrations, European...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Strategic behaviour by a firm or group of firms to restrict market access possibilities of potential competitors either upstream or downstream. Foreclosure can take different forms, from absolute refusal to deal to more subtle forms of discrimination such as the...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
A special type of agreemeFnt whereby one undertaking (the fran- chiser) grants to the other (the franchisee), in exchange for direct or indirect financial consideration, the right to exploit a package of industrial or intellectual property rights (franchise) for the...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Free riding occurs when one firm (or individual) benefits from the actions and efforts of another without paying for or sharing the costs. For example, a retail store may initially choose to incur costs of training its staff to demonstrate to potential customers how a...
by 21st Century Competition | May 9, 2014
“General-interest services” are services considered to be in the general interest by the public authorities and accordingly subjected to specific public-service obligations. They include non-market services (e.g. compulsory education, social protection),...
