by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Europe agreements are bilateral association agreements that have been concluded between the European Communities and their Member States on the one hEand and each of the following countries of central and eastern Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,...
by 21st Century Competition | May 9, 2014
The term European legal instruments refers to the instruments available to the European institutions to carry out their tasks. The instruments listed in Article 288 of the TFEU are: regulations: these are binding in their entirety and directly applicable in all Member...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Practice by a dominant company that tends to impair the opportuni- ties of competitors based on considerations other than competition on the merits. An example would be the decision, by a company dominant on the market for production of a certain product, not to...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
A distribution system, in which a company grants exclusive rights on its products or services to another company. The most common forms include single branding and/or exclusive territory rights, whereby a single distributor obtains the right to market a supplier’s...
by 21st Century Competition | May 7, 2014
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) such as patents and trademarks give the developer certain exclusive rights over the exploitation of his work, such as in production and commerce. However, within the EU, the exclusive right cannot be used to artificially split up...
