by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Competition between firms that have developed brands or labels for their products in order to distinguish them from other brands sold in the same market segment. Although not perceived as being fully equivalent by consumers, branded products nevertheless compete with...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
1. Conservatory measures imposed on firms by the Commission in relation to a competition case, in which a final decision on the substance has not been reached yet, in order to avoid anti-competi- tive behaviour leading to irreversible damage before being sanc- tioned....
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
A project-oriented, consensus-based, informal network of antitrust agencies from developed and developing countries. The ICN serves to share experiences and exchange views on competition issues deriving from an ever-increasing globalisation of the world economy, as...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Cooperation in the area of competition policy and enforcement, between competition agencies in two (bilateral) or more countries (trilateral, plurilateral), which mostly takes place in an informal way, but sometimes on the basis of formal cooperation agreements. It...
by 21st Century Competition | May 8, 2014
Competition among distributors or retailers of the same branded product, be it on price or non-price terms. For example, a pair of Levi’s jeans may be sold at a lower price in a discount store as compared to a department store, but often without the amenities in...
